Crypto accounting in Switzerland: tax rules, valuation and closing 2026

Introduction: The rise of cryptoassets in Switzerland

Cryptoassets such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and stablecoins have seen increasing adoption in Switzerland in recent years. Thanks to a favorable regulatory framework and a population open to technological innovation, Switzerland has become a global hub for blockchain and crypto companies. However, this rapid adoption has also raised complex questions regarding taxation and accounting. In 2026, significant changes in the tax regulation of cryptoassets will come into effect, making it essential for businesses and investors to prepare now.

This comprehensive guide offers an in-depth analysis of the tax and accounting obligations related to cryptoassets in Switzerland, focusing on valuation rules, year-end closing requirements, and common mistakes to avoid.

Tax regulation of cryptoassets for 2026

The taxation of cryptoassets in Switzerland is evolving. With new regulations coming into force in 2026, it is crucial to understand the implications for businesses and individuals.

Direct taxation (income and corporate tax)

Cryptoassets are subject to income tax for individuals and corporate tax for businesses. Key points to remember:

• Individuals: Gains from cryptoassets are generally considered taxable income, unless they come from private wealth management. In that case, they are tax-exempt.
• Businesses: Gains from cryptoassets are included in taxable profit calculations. Losses can be deducted.
• Example: A company making a profit of 100,000 CHF from cryptoasset transactions will be taxed according to the applicable rate in its canton.

VAT and stamp duties related to cryptoassets

VAT applies differently depending on the nature of cryptoasset transactions:

• Sale of goods or services in cryptoassets: VAT is due on the value in Swiss francs of the goods or services provided.
• Exchange of cryptoassets: Cryptoasset exchanges are generally exempt from VAT.
• Stamp duties: Transactions involving tokenized securities may be subject to stamp duties.

Tax treatment of ICOs, ITOs, and hybrid tokens

Fundraising via Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) or Initial Token Offerings (ITOs) is subject to specific rules:

• Utility tokens: Generally not taxable at issuance, but subject to VAT if used for services.
• Payment tokens: Treated as classic cryptocurrencies and subject to income or corporate tax.
• Security tokens: Considered financial securities and subject to specific tax rules (source: Swiss Directive on International Tax Standards).

Accounting for cryptoassets: current guidelines

Accounting for cryptoassets remains a challenge for many companies due to their unique nature. Current guidelines provide a framework to ensure compliant accounting management.

FINMA requirements for disclosure in financial statements

FINMA requires companies holding or managing cryptoassets to publish detailed information in their financial statements, including:

• The nature of cryptoassets held.
• Their valuation on the balance sheet.
• Associated risks, notably price volatility.

Categorization and valuation of cryptoassets

Cryptoassets can be classified into three main categories:

1. Payment assets: Used as a means of payment.
2. Utility assets: Provide access to a specific product or service.
3. Security assets: Represent financial rights, such as shares or bonds.

Cryptoassets must be valued at their fair market value at the closing date. If there is no active market, an alternative valuation method may be used (source: Official FINMA website - Cryptoasset custody supervision).

Practical cases: year-end closing of cryptoassets

Preparing the closing for crypto-friendly companies

For companies involved in cryptoassets, rigorous preparation is essential for year-end closing. Key steps include:

1. Inventory of cryptoassets: Identify all digital assets held.
2. Asset valuation: Calculate the fair value of each asset as of December 31.
3. Documentation: Keep evidence of transactions and valuations.
4. Internal review: Verify the accuracy of accounting records.

Treatment of unrealized gains or losses related to digital assets

Value fluctuations of cryptoassets can lead to unrealized gains or losses. Here’s how to handle them:

• Unrealized gains: Record an increase in asset value as income.
• Unrealized losses: Record a decrease in asset value as expenses.

Numerical example:

Checklist: Preparing cryptoasset accounting

1. Identify all cryptoassets held.
2. Verify transactions and supporting documents.
3. Calculate the fair value of each asset.
4. Record unrealized gains or losses.
5. Prepare tax filings.

Common mistakes and corrections

Mistake 1: Neglecting transaction documentation

Correction: Keep evidence for each transaction (receipts, screenshots, wallet statements).

Mistake 2: Underestimating tax obligations

Correction: Consult a tax expert to avoid penalties.

Mistake 3: Incorrect valuation of cryptoassets

Correction: Use reliable sources to determine fair market value.

FAQ: Frequently asked questions about cryptoasset accounting and taxation

1. Are cryptoasset gains always taxable? No, gains from private wealth management are generally tax-exempt.

2. Do I have to pay VAT on cryptoasset transactions? VAT applies only if cryptoassets are used to purchase goods or services.

3. How do I value my cryptoassets for year-end closing? Use fair market value as of December 31 or an alternative method if the market is illiquid.

4. What are the reporting obligations for companies? Companies must include cryptoassets in their financial statements and comply with FINMA requirements.

5. Are ICOs taxable? It depends on the type of token issued. Consult an expert for a detailed analysis.

6. What should I do if I lose my cryptoassets? Document the loss and consult an expert to assess its tax impact.

Impact of new regulations on Swiss companies

The new tax and accounting regulations planned for 2026 will have significant repercussions for Swiss companies, especially those operating in the cryptoasset sector. Understanding these impacts is essential to anticipate necessary adjustments.

Strengthening transparency obligations

Companies will have to comply with increased financial transparency requirements, including:

• Detailed reports: Companies must provide more detailed reports on their cryptoasset holdings, including information on their origin, use, and valuation.
• Enhanced audits: External audits must include thorough verification of cryptoassets, which may lead to additional costs.

Adapting accounting systems

Companies will need to adapt their accounting systems to integrate cryptoassets in compliance with new standards. This involves:

• Updating software: Using accounting software compatible with the specific requirements of cryptoassets.
• Team training: Accountants and financial managers must be trained on new regulations and best practices for cryptoasset management.

Strategies to optimize cryptoasset taxation

For businesses and individuals, it is possible to reduce their tax burden by adopting suitable strategies.

Optimization for businesses

1. Choice of canton: Tax rates vary by canton in Switzerland. Companies may consider establishing in a canton with more favorable rates.
2. Deduction of losses: Losses related to cryptoassets can be deducted from taxable profits. It is crucial to rigorously document all losses.
3. Tax planning: Work with a tax expert to identify optimization opportunities, such as loss carryforwards or using suitable legal structures.

Optimization for individuals

1. Private wealth management: Gains from private wealth management are tax-exempt. It is important to clearly distinguish professional trading activities from private management.
2. Gifts and inheritances: In Switzerland, gifts and inheritances in cryptoassets may benefit from tax exemptions in certain cases. Consult an expert for more information.

Checklist: Preparing your company for new regulations in 2026

1. Analyze new tax and accounting requirements.
2. Update accounting software to include cryptoassets.
3. Train financial teams on new regulations.
4. Establish a rigorous documentation process for cryptoasset transactions.
5. Work with a tax expert to optimize taxation.
6. Plan regular audits to ensure compliance.
7. Assess the financial impacts of new regulations on your company.

Comparative table: Tax treatment of different types of cryptoassets

FAQ: Additional questions about cryptoasset taxation and accounting

7. How are stablecoins treated for tax purposes? Stablecoins are generally treated as classic cryptocurrencies. Their valuation is based on their parity with a fiat currency, which simplifies their assessment.

8. Are airdrops taxable? Yes, airdrops are considered taxable income at the time of receipt, based on their market value.

9. Do companies have to declare cryptoassets held abroad? Yes, Swiss companies must declare all cryptoassets held, including those stored on foreign platforms, in accordance with the automatic exchange of information (source: Implementation of automatic exchange of cryptoassets from 2026).

10. What are the penalties for non-compliance with new regulations? Penalties may include fines, tax penalties, and thorough audits. In serious cases, criminal proceedings may be initiated.

11. How to manage cryptoasset value fluctuations in accounting? Fluctuations must be recorded as unrealized gains or losses in financial statements. It is important to use reliable sources to determine fair market value (source: Official FINMA website - Cryptoasset custody supervision).

References

• Implementation of automatic exchange of cryptoassets from 2026
• Year-end closing for Swiss companies
• Swiss Directive on International Tax Standards
• Official FINMA website - Cryptoasset custody supervision
• Official ESTV website - Cryptoasset taxation